## Learning objectives

• Use conditional statements to create new variables in a dataframe
• Use join functions to join two dataframes together
• Describe the concept of a wide and a long table format and for which purpose those formats are useful.
• Reshape a data frame from long to wide format and back with the pivot_wider and pivot_longer commands from the tidyr package.

## Conditional Statements

When working with your data, you may want to create a new variable in a data frame, but only if a certain conditions are true. Conditional statements are a series of logical conditions that can help you manipulate your data to create new variables.

We’ll begin again with our surveys data, and remember to load in the tidyverse

library(tidyverse)
surveys <- read_csv("data/portal_data_joined.csv")

The general logic of conditional statements is this: if a statement is true, then execute x, if it is false, then execute y. For example, let’s say that we want to create a categorical variable for hindfoot length in our data. Using the summary function below, we see that the mean hindfoot length is 29.29, so let’s split the data at the mean using a conditional statement.

summary(surveys$hindfoot_length) ## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's ## 2.00 21.00 32.00 29.29 36.00 70.00 3348 ### ifelse() function To do this, we define the logic: if hindfoot length is less than the mean of 29.29, assign “small” to this new variable, otherwise, assign “big” to this new variable. We can call this hindfoot_cat to specify the categorical variable. We will first do this using the ifelse() function, where the first argument is a TRUE/FALSE statement, the second argument is the new variable if the statement is true, and the third argument is the new variable if the statement is false. surveys$hindfoot_cat <- ifelse(surveys$hindfoot_length < 29.29, "small", "big") head(surveys$hindfoot_cat)
## [1] "big" "big" NA    NA    NA    NA

### case_when() function

The tidyverse provides a way to integrate conditional statements by combining mutate() with the conditional function: case_when(). This function uses a series of two-sided formulas where the left-hand side determines describes the condition, and the right supplies the result. The final condition should always be TRUE, meaning that when the previous conditions have not been met, assign the last value. Using this function we can re-write the hindfoot_cat variable using the tidyverse.

A note: Always be cautious about what might be left out when naming the conditions. In the previous ifelse() example we saw that NAs in the data remained NAs in the new variable construction. However, this is not so when using case_when(). Instead, this function takes the last argument to mean “anything that is left” rather than hindfoot_length > 29.29 == F. So when we run the equivalent conditions in this function, it assigns “small” where hindfoot_lengths are NA.

surveys %>%
mutate(hindfoot_cat = case_when(
hindfoot_length > 29.29 ~ "big",
TRUE ~ "small"
)) %>%
select(hindfoot_length, hindfoot_cat) %>%
head()
## # A tibble: 6 × 2
##   hindfoot_length hindfoot_cat
##             <dbl> <chr>
## 1              32 big
## 2              31 big
## 3              NA small
## 4              NA small
## 5              NA small
## 6              NA small

To adjust for this, we need to add in more than one condition:

surveys %>%
mutate(hindfoot_cat = case_when(
hindfoot_length > 29.29 ~ "big",
is.na(hindfoot_length) ~ NA_character_,
TRUE ~ "small"
)) %>%
select(hindfoot_length, hindfoot_cat) %>%
head()
## # A tibble: 6 × 2
##   hindfoot_length hindfoot_cat
##             <dbl> <chr>
## 1              32 big
## 2              31 big
## 3              NA <NA>
## 4              NA <NA>
## 5              NA <NA>
## 6              NA <NA>

### Challenge

Using the iris data frame (this is built in to R), create a new variable that categorizes petal length into three groups:

• small (less than or equal to the 1st quartile)
• medium (between the 1st and 3rd quartiles)
• large (greater than or equal to the 3rd quartile)

Hint: Explore the iris data using summary(iris$Petal.Length), to see the petal length distribution. Then use your function of choice: ifelse() or case_when() to make a new variable named petal.length.cat based on the conditions listed above. Note that in the iris data frame there are no NAs, so we don’t have to deal with them here. ANSWER iris$petal.length.cat <- ifelse(iris$Petal.Length <= 1.6, "low", ifelse(iris$Petal.Length > 1.6 &
iris$Petal.Length < 5.1, "medium", "high")) iris %>% mutate( petal.length.cat = case_when( Petal.Length <= 1.6 ~ "small", Petal.Length > 1.6 & Petal.Length < 5.1 ~ "medium", TRUE ~ "large")) %>% head() ## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species petal.length.cat ## 1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa small ## 2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa small ## 3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa small ## 4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa small ## 5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa small ## 6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa medium ## Joining two dataframes Often when working with real data, data might be separated in multiple .csvs. The join family of dplyr functions can accomplish the task of uniting disparate data frames together rather easily. There are many kind of join functions that dplyr offers, and today we are going to cover the most commonly used function left_join. To learn more about the join family of functions, check out this useful link. Let’s read in another dataset. This data set is a record of the tail length of every rodent in our surveys dataframe. For some annoying reason, it was recorded on a seperate data sheet. We want to take the tail length data and add it to our surveys dataframe. tail <- read_csv("data/tail_length.csv") The join functions join dataframes together based on shared columns between the two data frames. Luckily, both our surveys dataframe and our new tail_length data frame both have the column record_id. Let’s double check that our record_id columns in the two data frames are the same by using the summary function. summary(surveys$record_id) #just summarize the record_id column by using the $operator  ## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. ## 1 8964 17762 17804 26655 35548 summary(tail$record_id)
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.
##       1    8964   17762   17804   26655   35548

Looks like all those values are identical. Awesome! Let’s join the dataframes together.

The basic structure of a join looks like this:

join_type(FirstTable, SecondTable, by=columnTojoinBy)

#### There are many different kinds of join types:

• inner_join will return all the rows from Table A that has matching values in Table B, and all the columns from both Table A and B

• left_join returns all the rows from Table A with all the columns from both A and B. Rows in Table A that have no match in Table B will return NAs

• right_join returns all the rows from Table B and all the columns from table A and B. Rows in Table B that have no match in Table A will return NAs.

• full_join returns all the rows and all the columns from Table A and Table B. Where there are no matching values, returns NA for the one that is missing.

For our data we are going to use a left_join. We want all the rows from the survey data frame, and we want all the columns from both data frames to be in our new data frame.

surveys_joined <- left_join(surveys, tail, by = "record_id")

If we don’t include the by = argument, the default is to join by all the variables with common names across the two data frames.

We could also add our tail data to a dataframe that you create within your R project. Let’s say we were just interested in adding the tail length data to the species “NL”.

First, we have to create a dataframe that just has species = NL, and then we have to join that data frame with our tail dataframe.

NL_data <- surveys %>%
filter(species_id == "NL") #filter to just the species NL

NL_data <- left_join(NL_data, tail, by = "record_id") #a new column called tail_length was added

As you can see, even with a lot of record_id missing, the left_join function will still join the dataframes together based on shared values.

## Reshaping with pivot functions

In the spreadsheet lesson we discussed how to structure our data leading to the four rules defining a tidy dataset:

1. Each variable has its own column
2. Each observation has its own row
3. Each value must have its own cell
4. Each type of observational unit forms a table

Here we examine the fourth rule: Each type of observational unit forms a table.

In surveys , the rows of surveys contain the values of variables associated with each record (the unit), values such the weight or sex of each animal associated with each record. What if instead of comparing records, we wanted to compare the different mean weight of each species between plots? (Ignoring plot_type for simplicity).

We’d need to create a new table where each row (the unit) is comprise of values of variables associated with each plot. In practical terms this means the values of the species in genus would become the names of column variables and the cells would contain the values of the mean weight observed on each plot.

Having created a new table, it is therefore straightforward to explore the relationship between the weight of different species within, and between, the plots. The key point here is that we are still following a tidy data structure, but we have reshaped the data according to the observations of interest: average species weight per plot instead of recordings per date.

The opposite transformation would be to transform column names into values of a variable.

We can do both these of transformations with two new tidyr functions, pivot_longer() and pivot_wider().

### pivot_wider

pivot_wider() widens data by increasing the number of columns and decreasing the number of rows. It takes three main arguments:

1. the data
2. names_from the name of the column you’d like to spread out
3. values_from the data you want to fill all your new columns with

Let’s try an example using our surveys data frame. Let’s pretend we are interested in what the mean weight is for each species in each plot. How would we create a dataframe that would tell us that information?

First, we need to calculate the mean weight for each species in each plot:

surveys_mz <- surveys %>%
filter(!is.na(weight)) %>%
group_by(genus, plot_id) %>%
summarize(mean_weight = mean(weight)) 
## summarise() has grouped output by 'genus'. You can override using the .groups argument.
str(surveys_mz) #let's take a look at the data
## grouped_df [196 × 3] (S3: grouped_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $genus : chr [1:196] "Baiomys" "Baiomys" "Baiomys" "Baiomys" ... ##$ plot_id    : num [1:196] 1 2 3 5 18 19 20 21 1 2 ...
##  $mean_weight: num [1:196] 7 6 8.61 7.75 9.5 ... ## - attr(*, "groups")= tibble [10 × 2] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame) ## ..$ genus: chr [1:10] "Baiomys" "Chaetodipus" "Dipodomys" "Neotoma" ...
##   ..$.rows: list<int> [1:10] ## .. ..$ : int [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
##   .. ..$: int [1:24] 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ... ## .. ..$ : int [1:24] 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 ...
##   .. ..$: int [1:24] 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 ... ## .. ..$ : int [1:24] 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 ...
##   .. ..$: int [1:23] 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 ... ## .. ..$ : int [1:24] 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 ...
##   .. ..$: int [1:24] 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 ... ## .. ..$ : int [1:19] 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 ...
##   .. ..$: int [1:2] 195 196 ## .. ..@ ptype: int(0) ## ..- attr(*, ".drop")= logi TRUE In surveys_mz there are 196 rows and 3 columns. Using pivot_wider we are going to increase the number of columns and decrease the number of rows. We want each row to signify a single genus, with their mean weight listed for each plot id. How many rows do we want our final data frame to have? unique(surveys_mz$genus) #lists every unique genus in surveys_mz
##  [1] "Baiomys"         "Chaetodipus"     "Dipodomys"       "Neotoma"         "Onychomys"
##  [6] "Perognathus"     "Peromyscus"      "Reithrodontomys" "Sigmodon"        "Spermophilus"
n_distinct(surveys_mz$genus) #another way to look at the number of distinct genera ## [1] 10 There are 10 unique genera, so we want to create a data frame with just 10 rows. How many columns would we want? Since we want each column to be a distinct plot id, our number of columns should equal our number of plot ids. n_distinct(surveys_mz$plot_id)
## [1] 24

Alright, so we want a data frame with 10 rows and 24 columns. pivot_wider can do the job!

wide_survey <- surveys_mz %>%
pivot_wider(names_from = "plot_id", values_from =  "mean_weight")

head(wide_survey)
## # A tibble: 6 × 25
## # Groups:   genus [6]
##   genus          1    2    3    5   18   19   20   21    4    6   7    8    9  10
##   <chr>        <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Baiomys       7      6      8.61   7.75   9.5    9.53   6      6.67  NA     NA     NA    NA     NA     NA
## 2 Chaetodipus  22.2   25.1   24.6   18.0   26.8   26.4   25.1   28.2   23.0   24.9   19.9  20.5   18.9   22.3
## 3 Dipodomys    60.2   55.7   52.0   51.1   61.4   43.3   65.9   42.7   57.5   58.6   57.4  59.4   57.5   51.8
## 4 Neotoma     156.   169.   158.   190.   149.   120    155.   138.   164.   180.   170.  134.   162.   190
## 5 Onychomys    27.7   26.9   26.0   27.0   26.6   23.8   25.2   24.6   28.1   25.9   23.6  25.9   27.5   28.7
## 6 Perognathus   9.62   6.95   7.51   8.66   8.62   8.09   8.14   9.19   7.82   7.81   7     7.06   7.37  NA
## # … with 10 more variables: 11 <dbl>, 12 <dbl>, 13 <dbl>, 14 <dbl>, 15 <dbl>, 16 <dbl>, 17 <dbl>, 22 <dbl>,
## #   23 <dbl>, 24 <dbl>

### pivot_longer

pivot_longer lengthens data by increasing the number of rows and decreasing the number of columns. This function takes 4 main arguments:

1. the data
2. cols, the column(s) to be pivoted (or to ignore)
3. names_to the name of the new column you’ll create to put the column names in
4. values_to the name of the new column to put the column values in

Let’s pretend that we got sent the dataset we just created (wide_survey) and we want to reshape it to be in a long format. We can easily do that using pivot_longer

#cols = columns to be pivoted. Here we want to pivot all the plot_id columns, except the colum "genus"
#names_to = the name of the new column we created from the cols argument
#values_to = the name of the new column we will put our values in

surveys_long <- wide_survey %>%
pivot_longer(col = -genus, names_to = "plot_id", values_to = "mean_weight")

This data set should look just like surveys_mz. But this one is 240 rows, and surveys_mz is 196 rows. What’s going on?

View(surveys_long)

Looks like all the NAs are included in this data set. This is always going to happen when moving between pivot_longer and pivot_wider, but is actually a useful way to balance out a dataset so every replicate has the same composition. Luckily, we now know how to remove the NAs if we want!

surveys_long <- surveys_long %>%
filter(!is.na(mean_weight)) #now 196 rows

pivot_wider and pivot_longer are both new additions to the tidyverse which means there are some cool new blog posts detailing all their abilities. If you’d like to read more about this group of functions, check out these links:

### Challenge

1. Use pivot_wider on the surveys data frame with year as columns, plot_id as rows, and the number of genera per plot as the values. You will need to summarize before reshaping, and use the function n_distinct() to get the number of unique genera within a particular chunk of data. It’s a powerful function! See ?n_distinct for more.
2. The surveys data set has two measurement columns: hindfoot_length and weight. This makes it difficult to do things like look at the relationship between mean values of each measurement per year in different plot types. Let’s walk through a common solution for this type of problem. First, use pivot_longer() to create a dataset where we have a new column called measurement and a value column that takes on the value of either hindfoot_length or weight. Hint: You’ll need to specify which columns are being selected to make longer.
3. With this new data set, calculate the average of each measurement in each year for each different plot_type. Then use pivot_wider() to get them into a data set with a column for hindfoot_length and weight. Hint: You only need to specify the names_from = and values_from = columns
## Answer 1
q1 <- surveys %>%
group_by(plot_id, year) %>%
summarize(n_genera = n_distinct(genus)) %>%
pivot_wider(names_from = "year", values_from = "n_genera")
## summarise() has grouped output by 'plot_id'. You can override using the .groups argument.
head(q1)
## # A tibble: 6 × 27
## # Groups:   plot_id [6]
##   plot_id 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
##     <dbl>  <int>  <int>  <int>  <int>  <int>  <int>  <int>  <int>  <int>  <int>  <int>  <int>  <int>  <int>
## 1       1      2      3      4      7      5      6      7      6      4      3      7      6      8      7
## 2       2      6      6      6      8      5      9      9      9      6      4      9      7      9      8
## 3       3      5      6      4      6      6      8     10     11      7      6      8      9      9     10
## 4       4      4      4      3      4      5      4      6      3      4      3      7      7      6      2
## 5       5      4      3      2      5      4      6      7      7      3      1      7      8      9      7
## 6       6      3      4      3      4      5      9      9      7      5      6      6      8      7     10
## # … with 12 more variables: 1991 <int>, 1992 <int>, 1993 <int>, 1994 <int>, 1995 <int>, 1996 <int>,
## #   1997 <int>, 1998 <int>, 1999 <int>, 2000 <int>, 2001 <int>, 2002 <int>
## Answer 2
q2 <- surveys %>%
pivot_longer(cols = c("hindfoot_length", "weight"), names_to = "measurement_type", values_to = "value")

#cols = columns we want to manipulate
#names_to = name of new column
#values_to = the values we want to fill our new column with (here we already told the function that we were intersted in hindfoot_length and weight, so it will automatically fill our new column, which we named "values", with those numbers.)

q3 <- q2 %>%
group_by(year, measurement_type, plot_type) %>%
summarize(mean_value = mean(value, na.rm=TRUE)) %>%
pivot_wider(names_from = "measurement_type", values_from = "mean_value")
## summarise() has grouped output by 'year', 'measurement_type'. You can override using the .groups argument.

## Exporting data

Now that you have learned how to use dplyr to extract information from or summarize your raw data, you may want to export these new datasets to share them with your collaborators or for archival.

Similar to the read_csv() function used for reading CSV files into R, there is a write_csv() function that generates CSV files from data frames.

Before using write_csv(), we are going to create a new folder, data_output, in our working directory that will store this generated dataset. We don’t want to write generated datasets in the same directory as our raw data. It’s good practice to keep them separate. The data folder should only contain the raw, unaltered data, and should be left alone to make sure we don’t delete or modify it. In contrast, our script will generate the contents of the data_output directory, so even if the files it contains are deleted, we can always re-generate them.

• Type in write_ and hit TAB. Scroll down and take a look at the many options that exist for writing out data in R. Use the F1 key on any of these options to read more about how to use it.